Nelson,J.D.
McKenzie,C.R.

[Oswald Grosjean 2004]\nconfirmation bias: whenever people search for, interpret or remember information in such a way that the corroboration of a hypothesis becomes likely, independent of its truth\nconfirmation bias happens if - in a systematic fashion - hypothesis-confirming information receives more weight, is evaluated less critically, or is better remembered than dis-confirming data\npositive test strategy should not be confused with a confirmation bias, because in many cases this heuristic allows the falsification of the hypothesis\n{\dq}cognitive processes are structured in such a way that they inevitably lead to confirmation of hypothesis{\dq} Kunda 1990, p. 494\n[Fix 2012]\nbiased search for information: \nPTS: persons ask questions so that their hypothesis would be confirmed if the answer was affirmative. \nPTS: rational to use heuristic, not necessarily bias, falsification possible - exploration space can be very large if all cases considered\nPTS can lead to confirmation bias (Klayman, Ha 1987) if 1. correct hypothesis is more general than the assumed one (Watson 1960), 2. questions asked are non-diagnostic and very likely to be answered in the affirmative, independent of the truth of the hypothesis (Devine et al. 1990, Trope, Bassok 1982), 3. interrogation behaviour influences the interaction partner to respond affirmative (Snyder, Tanke, Berscheid 1977, Zuckerman et al. 1995) \nbiased interpretation of information: \nassessing expectancy-congruent information systematically to be more important, p. 89 (Gadenne, Oswald 1986)\ngiven an equal number of cues of equal quality for and against a hypothesis, one is more rapidly convinced of correctness of already favoured assumption (Trope, Liberman 1996)\nbiased remembering of information: \ninformation consistent with expectations are more easily encoded and recalled (Taylor, Crocker 1981)\n\nreason for confirmation bias: possible rejection of hypothesis can be linked to anxiety or other negative emotions

Nelson, J. D., & McKenzie, C. R. M. (2009). Confirmation bias. In M. W. Kattan (Ed.), Encyclopedia of medical decision making (Vol. 1, pp. 167-171). Los Angeles: Sage.

Publication year	2009
Document type:	In book
Publication status:	Published
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